Amongst the current Covid situation, Nigeria is experiencing a different outbreak. This is the MonkeyPox outbreak, and this is a zoonosis. This disease is commonly spread by small animals such as rodents and can be spread to other animals as well as people. This is an extremely rare disease, and we will be digging deeper into it with this blog!

MonkeyPox is a viral disease that is common near or in tropical rain forests. Common symptoms include: fever, muscle pains, headache, exhaustion, and swollen lymph nodes. One aspect that MonkeyPox has in common with what we are currently experiencing with Covid 19- is the ability for it to be limited by washing your hands with soap and water. This indicates that it is an envelope virus. Also, (very familiar) LIMIT TOUCHING YOUR FACE and AVOID coming in contact with sick individuals or immunocompromised people. This will lead to a high susceptibility of acquiring the disease. Those in Nigeria, are telling their people to stay home. Something we can all relate to. This is all reminding me of Covid.

Monkeypox can be fatal. The highest rate is 10% in those who have been exposed to the disease. Recently MonkeyPox has been spread from Nigeria to the United Kingdom. Those is England who have been conducting studies of the virus have compared it to Smallpox. While MonkeyPox does not spread fast, nor does it show a huge risk for those in England currently, it is not as big of a problem with only one known case from a traveler. While it is speculated that it will be lingering around for a while, this is the case for anything and they are not worried currently. The disease is characterized by a rash that develops with the onset of symptoms.

https://www.prolia.com/?gclid=CjwKCAjw7e_0BRB7EiwAlH-goDJCsJlDtvrCSrH-yYc6fLMqGm5q_oHtG3k8vu9XUaMTIOEz9w74EBoCDjwQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

This blog will be discussing monoclonal antibodies, these are drugs that have only one specific purpose for one specific disease. What this means is that they are programmed to specifically find and disable or “take care of” one type of antibody in our system by finding the receptor (most commonly) that keeps the disease alive inside you. This is very simple to understand, so I enjoyed this heheh 🙂 When receptors are blocked, such as in cancer cells when their receptors are blocked that allow cells to reproduce and multiply like crazy, they cant multiply which halts the cancer process. I will be exploring what all monoclonal antibodies have the capability to do in this blog by focusing primarily on “denosumab” through the Prolia drug that is commonly used to treat Osteoporosis in women following menopause where other drugs are not working. Through this I will learn alot about monoclonal antibodies, and specifically how they act in the Prolia drug.

There are lots of side effects and results that come from monoclonal antibodies in general. The FDA provides a pretty extensive list of these that include but are not limited to fever, weakness, dizziness, and fatigue. I was not surprised when learning that there are lots of side effects that can come from any monoclonal antibody due to the power it holds. Specifically for Prolia, the side effects they advertise are series allergic reactions, muscle spasms and pains, increased bone fracture, common cold symptoms, lung infection, and skin rash. I learned that the side effects can differ between genders based on where the drug works. Lung infection was not listed by the main FDA, so this is specifically for Prolia and through me off a little. The complete list of side effects for a general monoclonal antibody are:

• Shortness of breath
• Peripheral edema
• Headache
• Fever
• Muscle aches and pain
• Decreased appetite
• Increased triglyceride levels
• Insomnia
• Abdominal pain
• Back pain
• Dizziness

But then… I kept reading and found out there are some symptoms that are recognized as more serious, or fatal depending on the individual. These were:

• Interstitial lung disease
• Hepatitis
• Generation of antibodies
• Enterocolitis
• Gastrointestinal perforation
• Mucositis
• Stomatitis
• Anemia
• Reduced white blood cell counts
• Hypothyroidism

• Low blood pressure
• Anaphylaxis
• Serious infections
• Cancer
• Serum sickness
• Autoimmune thyroiditis
• Arterial and venous blood clots
• Congestive heart failure
• Bleeding

Lung Disease was listed here. I found Hepatitis as a very weird side effect and I would be very interested to know which monoclonal specifically this side effect comes from. However, something kind of similar to this with the Prolia drug as I read was the screening that takes place prior to being prescribed the drug that indicated there are some who are not able to take this medication due to their prior disease history or medical history. But first lets explore all monoclonal antibodies in general, when these antibodies are combined with either other drugs or medications the patient is on for whatever reason or disease this is where the more severe side effects come into play. They could alter the rate of absorption of the drug as well as others you are currently taking. This sounds the most concerning to me and makes sense for why the screening for Prolia was so intense. Going as far as asking you blood calcium levels and requiring them to not take or have taken a considerable amount of in your recent past. If you have ever been in kidney dialysis or had previous kidney problems, or they go as far to say if it is likely in your family, you should not be prescribed the drug. What this sounds like to me after seeing the severe symptoms is that they do not want the bad to outweigh the good. Another fact I came across was that your healthcare provider must give you a pregnancy test prior to prescribing you the drug. They also highly recommend that you not try and become pregnant for almost half a year of using the drug, but birth control is fine to be on alongside the drug. One drug that is NOT okay to be taking alongside Prolia is XGEVA. XGEVA is another form of a denosumab that fights bone tumors.

The job of a denosumab is to block the specific protein RANK ligand. This is a ligand that will appear usually in post menopausal naturally. With this protein being blocked and therefor5e unable to function, this limits the osteoclasts ( the specific cells that cause Osteoporosis ) from destroying the bone marrow which increases bone mass and strength. Because it is targeting the cells that are natural, this is affecting the innate immune system. Finally, you cannot take this drug if you have active TB, or any other chronic disease.

While the extra credit assignment was not very clear…. I will be discussing into more depth the antibody testing and why it is the current buzz alongside the pandemic, and I will be discussing the current pandemic situation outside of antibody testing. This will mainly include a lot of my current thoughts, misunderstandings, and feelings about the virus to make it more entertaining :0 We are hearing about the current pandemic on every single platform available already so might as well spice it up. Specifically, as I mentioned that I will be including a lot of my thoughts… the theme of this blog will be … Will I return to school?

Nothing is perfect. Neither is the antibody tests that are being advertised by the FDA. Will these not perfect tests be what get me back to school? Will they be what makes life normal again? The first to be tested, which I agree with, are the healthcare professionals. We need to know if it is healthy for them to be tending to patients. If they have the IgG antibodies they are immune and they should 100% enter back into the workforce if they aren’t already there. That is the scary part, some may already be there being exposed or have already been exposed. Im not sure if they are requiring those in the healthcare force to be a tested a long time ago…??? IDK. That makes the most since, but I am not sure if I have heard about this. What I found interesting was the talk of releasing certificates that show your immunity. HAHA… almost like a participation medal. (ok not funny) But I do enjoy this idea, this would be something to be proud of. This would be a step into the right direction.

Accuracy is a major concern of the tests. This is what worries me the most and has me wondering when I will be able to return to school. A place that hosts thousand and thousands of students from all over. If the testing is not accurate in one place, it for sure isn’t accurate in another. False hope is the absolute last thing we need during this pandemic.This would just lead to another outbreak….One thing I don’t understand is why there would be a test if it is indeed not accurate… isnt that the whole point? But what do I know. I do know that IgM will be the first to appear with IgG following that has to ability to actually recognize the virus. I also know that the incubation period that has been advertised for the entirety of this outbreak is 2 weeks. IgG levels are recognized to be at their height after about 30 days of infection.

Outside of the pandemic we are experiencing being home, isolated, with no restaurants. It is all we hear about on the news, on twitter, all instagram captions, all tik toks, everything. We are living in a history DBQ essay. Man did I love writing those. While I know and am not afraid to say that I am not educated enough to voice my true opinion about the virus and how it is affecting those around us and if it is truly something to be so concerned about, it is always better to be safe than sorry. That is a phrase I always grew up saying and hearing and I will stick with that. I do know that online school… is not for me. It will never be…. So I am hoping that life will be back to normal in the fall. I am known for being positive, thinking positive, and helping others stay positive, and I will continue to do this amongst the circumstances.

We recently have been learning about antibody testing in class and discovering what this means when there are antibodies present. When it comes to having IgM and IgG antibodies present in your system this is apart of the primary immune response which we have spent a great amount of time learning about. There are lots of differences between these two antibodies and what each means and when they will pop up in your system. We will be exploring this today with antibody testing for the current pandemic. I find it very interesting while tragic that I am learning about all this during an actual pandemic, especially when I think about the classes leading up to the pandemic. It is important to be educated, to know what they are talking about on the news when they mention antibody testing! I am glad that I know more than I would if I was not in this class, and I enjoy being able to explain to my parents when they have questions without them having to google it! Thank you Dr. Cramer 🙂

When it comes to testing for IgM and IgG, IgM antibodies will be in ones system prior to IgG by approximately a week. These amounts will also be significantly higher after immunization of specific diseases. IgM antibodies will also die off faster than the IgG antibodies, whether this has to do with them appearing earlier than IgG, this is something I find interesting. This does not mean they cant persist for very long periods of time. There is a lot more information out there it seems or that we learn regarding the IgM antibodies rather than the IgG, they are always the ones used to compare. Most antibody tests are used for acute infections, or short-lived infections in a human host. They can also be used to determine whether pregnant women have been exposed to the illness. Some tests in the past, specifically with Yellow Fever proved that when performed with what they call an “indirect fluorescent antibody test” there shown results of increased IgG antibodies opposed to the latter.

Antibody tests look specifically for the antibodies in the patients blood. Those who have been exposed to the illness will show these antibodies in their blood stream, the question is for how long. One could never experienced symptoms and take this test to find out they had indeed carried the sickness. This is the scariest part. This is why we are living how we are today. While antibody tests do not require that much out of you, as simple as a finger prick to draw some blood, it is highly recommended now for our country to open. Those who have the antibodies would possess immunity as I mentioned earlier, even if they never experiences symptoms. This is important and a step in the right direction because these people would be able to enter the workforce again like normal, an even bigger step in the right direction. While there is only one real FDA approved test currently, lots of companies are being verified to sell them with more and more everyday. However, there are a lot of companies advertising the tests and they are ones that haven’t been approved by the FDA.

The IgG antibody is present in most body fluids and is used in your primary immune response to protect you against viral as well as bacterial infections. When the antibody test comes back and the IgG is positive but the IgM is low or negative this indicates that the person had the infection sometime in the past not currently. IgG will stay in you for life, this is where memory cells and the secondary immune response comes in. I have enjoyed greatly learning about this because I never truly understood what they meant as a kid when they would tell me that once you get chicken pox you cant get it again. I believed it to be just because thats what I was always told, not because any other factors went into it.

All of this information is vital to understanding why testing is so important in our standby world today. If we can identify who has these antibodies we will understand their immunity and start letting our country open back up. While this is still a growing opportunity, and we are learning more and more everyday, it is hope! We are going in the right direction and it is important to remember that everyday.

There has been an uprise in Pancreatic Cancer studies regarding the treatment with divergent T cell conventional dendritic cell treatment and how this affects the progression of the disease and immunity. Specifically, radiation therapy and how these techniques can contribute to helping those with pancreatic cancer and tumors of such. While there has not been a direct response or results given that clarify these claims. Today I will specifically be exploring these claims, experiments, and results as I have a close family member that lives with Pancreatic Cancer and am eager to learn more about these motives.

First I will explore exactly what has been done so far. I will be referring to the therapy throughout by its acronym “CAR” which stands for “Chimeric Antigen Receptor” which is the specific therapy T-cell treatment for solid, known tumors in the body. Effects of these treatments have observed very minimal toxicities that are alarming to physicians in the doses prescribed thus far. These treatments can target a wide range and this is the problem that most are worried about. In that, they need them to only affect the solid tumors, nothing else. This requires the treatment to enter only the peripheral tissues where the tumors would be located. This was very interesting for me to learn because I am personally eager to know this information and share it with my family. When I mentioned this treatment to my family member, they has never heard of this or been explained it by a physician as an option. This proved my theory or hypothesis that it is still in the works and not being shared due to its uncertainty. Personally, I believe there is lots of potential here despite some discoveries. Such as, there was a statistic explained that shown those suffering from pancreatic cancer, and proved to have these solid tumors in site where the CAR treatment could be applied lived identical lifespans to those who did not receive the treatment://////. This was not a great statistic to hear. However, all you need is a little hope that is my motto. I chose this topic and illness because it is something that is apart of my life everyday with someone I love going through this. CAR T cells will have different effects on different people due to the specific location of the tumor in the tissues. As I briefly alluded to earlier, those with larger masses will have a more evident location and capacity for the T cells to attack because, like mentioned, one of the main problems with the treatment is finding the tumor and tissues specifically without affecting other places in the body where it can cause harm instead of good. This was easy for me to understand and the articles did a very good job of explaining this.

It is also important to consider which stage of cancer you are in before receiving this treatment. Those who have received CAR therapy and were Stage 1 had little to none escalation with the T Cells from the results. This was shocking to me I figured it would be the opposite. But what do I know! Alongside this statistic they observed an increase in effector cells, which are the short lived immune response cells that are in place to defend the body and this was an important find. Some patients had an increased amount of heterogeneity near the tumor in the tissues where the CAR treatment had responded to. All of this to say, the treatment is very sporadic and there is not a universal result yet found.It is extremely variable. Everyone experiences different side effects and this is not good when it comes to curing cancer…. obviously… Finally, an important known result that has been found is that patients who are experiencing intracellular effects can NOT receive this treatment, it will simply not work. This treatment has a lot of work to get done, but like I said, I am hopeful. Whether it be by T cells and dendritic cells or something completely different I believe a cure is on the way, treatment is coming.

I will be beginning with a mini lesson on Tuberculosis, and what the “sanatoriums” are and how they have progressed over time! When tuberculosis emerged it was recognized or given the nickname “white plague” this was due to it being seen as affecting poor, white folk, the most. Considering this was the case in the 1880’s, TB has come a far way. The rich were known for “escaping” the disease as they could afford to place themselves in facilities known as “European spas” where they no longer faced suffering or health concerns that those who could not afford it escape. This disease spread alongside the Industrial Revolution. Sanitariums began popping up around the 1940’s, or this was their height. These facilities were the first government funded places for TB individuals who could not afford the previous European spas to go. Not only were these places to live, but they were also places of learning and study as they could watch the individuals affected and how the disease works against various factors such as hygiene, sunlight, etc. Today, a lot of these first sites have now become places to visit. Museums have been created as well as giving them the title of historical sites. With this general background in, lets dive in to what is happening with TB today!

One could describe these sanatoriums to a quarantine site. Almost like our homes today with Covid-19. In light of understanding the sanatoriums, I think it is important to recall one of the main reasons these were created besides giving them a place to live, these were places of progression. Progression of study, treatment, and awareness. Patients were advised to stay outdoors, eat healthy meals, exercise, and do everyday activities that improved their abilities and made them overall healthier despite TB. This was very important to me, I wondered how this plan would work with Covid-19. What is stopping us from doing this technique with this disease? All of these thoughts were going through my head. If these sanatoriums were places of study, growth, and recovery …. ALL 3 OF THESE THINGS ARE WHAT WE ARE MISSING WITH COVID-19. Just a thought though. It is known that strict routines help manage such strong diseases, and help for the road of recovery. This is a fact. I believe strongly in routines, and following these very closely.

What it comes down to is social support. A lot of people feel as if they are not financially stable to know whether they have any disease at all, whether it is TB of Covid-19. This has been a problem for the longest amount of time. I believe this year for the TB anniversary, it is sad that is was overshadowed by Covid-19 BUT I think it is important to use that situation as a comparison to possibly bring growth. This is the current situation, we cant forget that. This is why I loved this article I found and how they used TB as a historical lesson on its journey and how it relates to our current situation. This article gave hope and information that I didn’t even know I needed!

With what is being done specifically with TB today, prevention is the main concern and what is being studied the most. A lot of attention is towards those who are seen to be most at risk, otherwise those who do not have it yet but are likely to develop. TB is still recognized and known as the #1 killer disease. This cannot be overlooked. This is why it has its own day, because it should never be overlooked. Antiretroviral therapy is recognized as the best preventative treatment in place and is still glorified as the most adequate. BUT most recently there has been improvements with how TB parallels or is studies alongside HIV and how this affects what is being made with preventative measures. This includes new screenings for those who are high risk, or associated with HIV or live in a household with any of these recognitions. TB deserves its own day.

Life is really weird right now. I never know what day of the week it is, I eat 3 lunches a day, wake up at 1pm, and go to sleep at 4 am. Not to mention, I CANNOT focus. I cannot go to a library or a coffee shop to do my work so I am stuck sitting in my living room or kitchen trying to do my assignments. HA. Yeah, we’ll see how that goes. Mainly, it is a time where if you aren’t careful your mental stability could start to diminish and you can put yourself in a really dark place. Ive been avoiding this by getting outside everyday, exercising. Running has been something that I have enjoyed all my life, it lets me push myself and escape reality. Lately, due to all this free time I have been able to run everyday which I never had time for at school.Its crazy how just being at schools takes up so much of your time. Days feel so much longer here, like is it March 51st? … dang. Cant wait to gain the covid-19 pounds!

During all of this I think it is important to stay positive. If you are only speaking negatively, thinking negatively, or focusing on the negative then only negative things will occur. This corresponds with the law of attraction, and I believe in it 100%. It is proven that if you speak into the universe negative things, for example if you wake up and something bad happens and you dwell on that and let it effect you negatively more bad things will happen the rest of the day. Everyone has experienced this. Like when you are having a bad day it seems like you are always having a REALLY bad day because bad things will keep happening one after the other. To avoid this, I have been beginning my days with something positive. I list off positive things that WILL happen to me today and I speak that into the universe as will statements not “i hope” statements. Go ahead and declare them like they have happened. For example, I could say “Today I will get a text from this person” even though it hasn’t happen or it may not happen it is important to speak these statements into the universe because eventually they will happen.. sounds crazy I know but I believe in this 100%

Now that all the sit down restaurants are closed I have truly realized how much of my social interactions took place in these places… kinda eyeopening. All I know is, the next time I hear the words,”can I get y’all started on any drinks or appetizers” IM GOING TO GO NUTS. Sushi is my favorite food ever, and every genuine sushi connoisseur knows that you must get sushi at an actual restaurant NOT at a drive-thru or at a grocery store. The next time I can sit down and eat as many juicy grab rolls as I can get in me, I will the happiest girl alive. Until then, I will be drinking my black coffee and eating my avocado toast on my couch while catching up on school work.

The Corona Virus….ah yes, the reason why all i look forward to everyday is my second lunch and 7th nap at 12:30pm. Ha. On a serious note though, Covid-19 has taken over our lives and for good reason. This disease has been recognized as an illness that causes flu like symptoms, meaning it affects ones respiratory system and causes a strong cough, fever, and even difficulty breathing. THIS IS AN ENVELOPED VIRUS, IT CAN BE PREVENTED BY WASHING YOUR HANDS, OR USING HAND SANITIZER. AVOID TOUCHING YOUR FACE, AND KEEP A SAFE DISTANCE BETWEEN FRIENDS AND FAMILY. Those who are immunocompromised or most at risk such as the elderly, pregnant women, and infants will be impacted by the disease the most. With a high R0 value, this disease is much more violent version of the flu. Most importantly, the most dangerous fact about the disease is its incubation period- 2 weeks. A factor that can make an infected individual be asymptomatic and spreading the virus without knowing. This is why we are advised to social distance, hence why I am coming to you live from my living room.

This is an ongoing situation. Details change every minute in the US, and is very hard to keep up with but I am going to do my best. Thanks to the CDC. While each part of the country is being affected differently, due to population, etc… we are only in the beginning of the virus, the initiation stage. Today, it has been recognized that Covid-19 has infected individuals in ALL states. While only 27 of our 50 states have recognition of what they are calling “community spread” or more closely tied spreads that can lead to acceleration quicker, this is a very concerning number. 6 days ago, on March 16th our president announced for the entire country to go into a 15 day “quarantine” or a social distancing measure to limit contact between individuals, urging everyone to stay home as much as possible. While individual states have implemented a “lock down” or a more severe quarantine, North Carolina has not done this yet. All restaurants in the state are now only takeout, and NO eating inside. (This hit hard) I never realized how much I relied on going to restaurants for social interaction and entertainment until last Tuesday…. and thats ON boredom. While I did not personally travel to a state that was listed as high risk, all of my friends did… and they were going to return to campus like everything was fine. Pshhhh. No lie, I would have tattle tailed on them. Luckily, I didn’t have to do that… (i guess that is luckily) Either way, nationwide there are lots of efforts being put in place to try and stop the spread. However this is so crazy. I seen a tweet earlier that said: “IDK man kinda crazy that a guy across the world decided to eat a bat and now I cant go to the gym.” and I FELT THAT. That one hit hard. While little is known, or being told about the actual virus and its severity other than it is a worse version of the flu (which i think is crazy they cant tell us THE MOST IMPORTANT PART ABOUT A VIRUS.. but I wont get on that soap box) they do know that this virus is common in both people and animals, in which one is a bat. Therefore, we are being told that this originated from an animal-to-person contact in China.

While we are receiving more and more information daily, and even hourly regarding how to become diagnosed/ who to see/ where to go/ etc, we are being told that your healthcare provider is the one who should screen you to determine if your symptoms are due to the disease or not. There are many factors that help them determine this such as travel patterns, interaction, occupation, etc. There is a phone number that is available and being broadcasted that one can call if feeling unwell. Mainly, THERE IS NO VACCINE OR TREATMENT FOR COVID-19. This is what worries me the most. While you can receive care, this is not eliminated the virus, it is not a miracle worker.

As of now, we are advised to limit contact with others. Social Distancing! Online classes! No gyms! No out to eat! Yep! Thats all i got!

The Centennial state aka Colorado, has recently been revealed to be experiencing a dramatic increase in STI cases. Specifically, gonorrhea. With an increase of 200 percent since 2015, this is drawing lots of attention… as it should. Being a sophomore in college, and coming from a small town, my first year of college was a real eye opener as you are exposed to these diseases quite frequently, or should I write, you hear about them more frequently. Its not everyday you are in homeroom, in Shelby, North Carolina where you hear word of someone having gonorrhea (aka never heard of this) but it is everyday in college LOL. Apparently in Colorado however, it is also everyday. So, they are shifting how they undergo these specific situations by adding new preventive measures, lowering costs, and making the process of receiving care overall easier than before.

Colorado has implemented a bill, via the Senate, known as the “Protecting Preventive Health Care Coverage” which is acting to eliminate this growing problem and has an extremely positive response by their residents. It is just crazy to me that this has to be a real thing, but not everyone is a germ freak like me I guess 🙂 This bill has eliminated the price tag that comes with being tested for sexually transmitted diseases, which I have heard is usually a pretty penny. Every sign so far from reading these articles and just hearing everyday talk around campus, just keep ya pants on 🙂 Less money to be spent, and less worry to be had! BUT THAT WOULD BE A VERY UNPOPULAR OPINION ON MY PART!

For me, I wondered why it was specifically gonorrhea that experienced an increase, and in Colorado of all places! According to articles, the main reason why this is such hard hit, and noticed is due to its less populous area, is what they are saying anyways…. That chlamydia also experienced a surge of cases up to 26,995 in 2019 compared to 45% less cases in 2015. Therefore, its not just gonorrhea which is what they are advertising, but chlamydia as well. It doesn’t discriminate! With that being said, Syphilis cases also doubled its numbers in the past 5 years, all of this being said it seems to me that most of these numbers are reflecting the fact that the rural areas in Colorado do not have the best healthcare. This is kind of an assumption to make on my part but… all signs lead that way.

Something that jumped out to me, was the differences in place in the bill for men versus women. Identifying women apply to the free PREVENTATIVE testing, but men do not. When I say preventative, this means those who are asymptomatic for the STI’s. Men only apply if it is Syphilis being treated, and they must be high risk. 3 weeks ago they were still addressing these measure and suggesting modification, and that is to come I believe. This seems very controversial to me. But, more importantly where are the funds coming from to give power to this bill? According to the bill only 90,547 dollars will be needed to secure that all woman and exception to a few men cases (syphilis), can get free screenings. The fiscal note also touches on the cost for the bigger parties aka those giving the screenings and how this would be ensured by their various Health Departments.

Overall, these articles was very eye opening and I enjoyed it completely.

Over 250 million vaccines for HPV are given every year worldwide. With this in mind there is a global shortage of the vaccine since it is such a big concern as it is sexually spread. There has only ever been 3 total vaccines for the disease and 2 current ones that are currently active. A total of 79 million have been infected with HPV with almost 15 million new cases each year. These are stunning statistics that I definitely would have underestimated without prior knowledge. However it is also not widespread known that almost everyone will be infected with some form of HPV in their lifetime whether they know it or not.

They key to this illness is the fact that is will remain in population as long as women remain sexually active… lol. okay. duh. However, the rate and prevalence increases as women become over the age of 25. This was not explained very well so this statistic confused me, why this age? I would figure tit would be a lower age. In population today it is studied and known for its very slow rate of evolving or even mutating. This makes it very predictable as well as its vaccine.

Past articles discussing this issue at hand related the illness to a type-specific illness and vaccination after conducting large clinical trials but one thing they have did conclude was that both vaccines the bivalent and quadrivalent are effective against their specific strains. While the incidence of HPV is favorably high, this parallels the fact that it is spread via direct contact aka sexual intercourse. The vaccines available today are immunogenic, this meaning that it is very rare that a vaccinated person does not develop antibody responses fairly quickly. The high efficiency that is associated among the current and past clinical trials that have been conducted proved this minimum antibody protection. (older article) In comparison to what past articles have concluded and what is believed currently in 2020, not much has changed with the vaccine other than controversies and new “politically” accepted notions regarding the vaccine as a whole. This could be due to social media, changing healthcare, etc. However, I believe these aspects are very important for the world we live in today especially in the field of medicine.

Something I found very interesting was the fact that different countries experience the HPV vaccine differently, I think this is very intriguing. What is this due to? Health standards? Public thought and acceptance to vaccines? The availability of vaccines? Im curious! I couldn’t find anymore information on this as the author did not expand but this reminded me of gaps that are found within vaccines or antibiotics in general that make me question their use. How do their negative sequelae’s differ from ours and what makes them differ? Most current studies do not focus on this but the individual affects of HPV and its linkage to the menstrual cycle.